The Rabbit Hole · Citation guides
Every citation needs an author, a year, and a source — but the exact style depends on your field, your school, or the journal. Below are clear, example-led guides to the major and niche styles, plus how to cite the awkward sources: a paywalled paper, an authorless page, even an answer from AI.
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AGLC Referencing (AGLC4): Cases, Legislation, Footnotes
Australian Guide to Legal Citation (4th Edition)
AMA Manual of Style 11th Edition: JAMA Reference Format
Complete 11th Edition Guide
APA Citation Format (7th Edition): In-Text & Reference Examples
Complete 7th Edition Guide
ASME Citation Style: Examples, Rules, and How It Differs From IEEE
Mechanical Engineering Guide
GB/T 7714 Reference Format: 2015 and 2025 Editions
China's national reference standard (2025 and 2015 editions)
How to Cite in AAA Style: Anthropology Citation Guide
Anthropology Citation Guide
How to Cite in ABNT Style: Brazilian Citation Standard (NBR 6023)
Brazilian Citation Standard (NBR 6023)
How to Cite in ACS Format: Complete Chemistry Citation Guide
Complete Chemistry Citation Guide
How to Cite in AIP Style: Physics Research Guide
American Institute of Physics Guide
How to Cite in ALWD Style: Legal Writing Citation Guide
Legal Writing Citation Guide
How to Cite in AMS Style: Mathematics Citation Guide
American Mathematical Society Guide
How to Cite in APSA Style: Political Science Citation Guide
Political Science Citation Guide
How to Cite in ASA Format: American Sociological Association Guide
American Sociological Association Guide
How to Cite in ASCE Style: Civil Engineering Guide
Civil Engineering Guide
How to Cite in Bluebook Format: Complete Legal Citation Guide
Complete Legal Citation Guide
How to Cite in Chicago Style: Complete 18th Edition Guide
Complete 18th Edition Guide
How to Cite in CSE Style: Council of Science Editors Guide
Council of Science Editors Guide
How to Cite in ČSN ISO 690:2022: The Czech Citation Standard
The Czech National Standard (2022 Edition)
How to Cite in Harvard Style: Complete Referencing Guide
Complete Referencing Guide
How to Cite in ISO 690 Style: International Bibliography Standard (2021)
International Bibliography Standard (2021 Edition)
How to Cite in NLM Style: National Library of Medicine Guide
National Library of Medicine Guide
How to Cite in SBL Style: Biblical Studies Citation Guide
Biblical Studies Citation Guide
How to Cite in Turabian Style: Complete 9th Edition Guide
Complete 9th Edition Guide
IEEE Citation Style: How to Number and Format References
Numbered citations from the IEEE Reference Guide
MHRA Referencing 4th Edition: Footnotes and Bibliography
UK Humanities Citation Guide
MLA Format 9th Edition: In-Text Citations and Works Cited
Complete 9th Edition Guide
OSCOLA Referencing: How to Cite Cases and Legislation
UK legal citation, 5th edition
Vancouver Referencing (ICMJE/NLM): Format and Examples
The ICMJE and NLM reference format
The awkward ones — a newspaper, a court case, a lecture, a dataset, or an answer from AI.
How to Cite a Blog Post
Blog posts and online articles
How to Cite a Book (Print, Ebook, Edition, Translation)
Print books, ebooks, editions, translations
How to Cite a Chapter in an Edited Book
Edited books, anthologies, essay collections
How to Cite a Clinical Practice Guideline
NICE, WHO, USPSTF
How to Cite a Conference Paper or Proceedings
Proceedings, presentations, posters
How to Cite a Dataset
Data, versions and DOIs
How to Cite a Dictionary or Encyclopedia Entry
Merriam-Webster, OED, Britannica, signed entries
How to Cite a Dissertation or Thesis
Doctoral dissertations & master's theses
How to Cite a Forum or Reddit Post
Threads, usernames, permalinks
How to Cite a Government Document or Report
Agency reports, statistics, official publications
How to Cite a Graph, Chart, or Figure
Graphs, charts, and figures
How to Cite a Journal Article (With or Without a DOI)
DOIs, article numbers, online-first articles
How to Cite a Lab Manual
Published and course lab manuals
How to Cite a Lecture
Class, recorded, and conference talks
How to Cite a Letter
Personal and archival correspondence
How to Cite a Map
Sheet number, scale, series
How to Cite a Mobile App
Developers, versions, stores
How to Cite a Newspaper Article
Print and online news
How to Cite a Patent: IEEE Format and What to Include
Inventions and prior art
How to Cite a PDF
Identify the source type first
How to Cite a Play or Shakespeare
Act, scene and line; dialogue; performances
How to Cite a Podcast
Episodes, series, timestamps
How to Cite a Poem
Line numbers, line breaks, anthologies, websites
How to Cite a PowerPoint or Course Material (Canvas, Moodle, Blackboard)
Slides, handouts, LMS course material
How to Cite a Press Release
Announcements and media statements
How to Cite a Report (Government, NGO & Technical)
Government, NGO & technical reports
How to Cite a Republished or Reprinted Work
Two dates, one edition
How to Cite a Secondary Source (“As Cited In”)
“As cited in”, “qtd. in”, “quoted in”
How to Cite a Song or Music Recording
Tracks, albums, recordings
How to Cite a Statute or Act
US, UK, Canada, Australia
How to Cite a Supreme Court Case (and When to Italicize It)
U.S. Supreme Court decisions
How to Cite a Technical Standard
ISO, ASTM, IEEE, BSI
How to Cite a Translated Work
Translators, original dates
How to Cite a TV Episode or Streaming Series
Episodes, seasons, services
How to Cite a Video Game
Games, platforms, patches
How to Cite a Website (With No Author or No Date)
Web pages, no author, no date
How to Cite a White Paper or Industry Report
Reports, working papers, white papers
How to Cite AI Tools (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, and Others)
ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, and others
How to Cite AI-Generated Images (Midjourney, DALL-E, ChatGPT, Firefly)
Captions, references, prompts and journal rules
How to Cite an Annual Report or SEC Filing
10-K filings and company reports
How to Cite an Anonymous Author or a Source With No Author
Anonymous and authorless sources
How to Cite an Image or Photograph
Photos, online images, stock images, figures
How to Cite an Interview
Published, personal and research interviews
How to Cite Art (Paintings, Sculptures & Visual Works)
Paintings, sculptures, and visual works
How to Cite ChatGPT (OpenAI) in APA, MLA, Chicago and More
Updated for the 2025 APA and MLA guidance
How to Cite Claude (Anthropic) in APA, MLA, Chicago and More
Anthropic as author, model names, share links
How to Cite Claude Code, GitHub Copilot and Other AI Coding Assistants
In the code, in the repository and in the paper
How to Cite Consensus, Elicit, SciSpace and Other AI Research Tools
Cite the papers; acknowledge the tool
How to Cite Course Materials and LMS Content
Canvas, Moodle, Blackboard
How to Cite Gemini (Google) in APA, MLA, Chicago and More
Google as author, public links, Bard, Workspace
How to Cite Microsoft Copilot in APA, MLA, Chicago and More
Copilot chat, Microsoft 365 Copilot and Bing Chat
How to Cite Multiple Authors, Et Al., and Same Author Same Year
Et al., 2020a/2020b, shared surnames
How to Cite Online Videos (YouTube, TikTok, Lectures, Webinars)
YouTube, TikTok, lectures, webinars
How to Cite Paywalled Sources You Can't Fully Access
Working from an abstract?
How to Cite Perplexity AI (and When to Cite Its Sources Instead)
Cite the sources it found, or the answer it wrote?
How to Cite Personal Communication (Emails, Conversations, Messages)
Emails, calls, conversations, direct messages
How to Cite Preprints, Working Papers & Non-Peer-Reviewed Sources
Preprints & working papers
How to Cite Social Media (X, Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, LinkedIn)
X/Twitter, Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, LinkedIn
How to Cite Software and Code
Packages, repositories, releases
How to Cite the Bible and Other Religious Texts
Bible, Qur'an, Torah and other sacred texts
How to Cite Wikipedia
Permanent links, revision dates, when not to cite
How to Quote a Quote Within a Quote (APA, MLA, Chicago)
Nested quotations
How to Write a Movie Title in an Essay (and Cite the Film)
Films and streaming titles
Self-Citation: When to Cite Yourself and How to Do It
Citing your own prior work
Sources Found With AI: Which to Cite and How to Check Them
Used Wonders, Elicit, or ChatGPT to find papers?
Written in the language they are used in, for the rules and conventions of that country. The rest of this site is in English.
DIN ISO 690 zitieren: Regeln, Beispiele und der Stand der Norm
Regeln, Beispiele und der Stand der Norm
KI-Tools in der Abschlussarbeit zitieren und kennzeichnen
Hilfsmittelverzeichnis, APA-Beleg und Eigenständigkeitserklärung
Literaturverzeichnis erstellen: Aufbau, Sortierung und Beispiele
Aufbau, Sortierung und Beispiele in vier Zitierstilen
Richtig zitieren: deutsche Zitierweise, Harvard und APA im Vergleich
Fußnoten, Harvard und APA 7 im direkten Vergleich
APA 7 Kaynakça Nasıl Yazılır? Türkçe Örneklerle Rehber
Türkçe örneklerle 7. sürüm rehberi
Metin İçi Atıf ve Alıntı Nasıl Yapılır? APA 7 ve Örnekler
APA 7 kuralları, Türkçe örnekler ve intihalden kaçınma
Yapay Zekâ Araçlarına Atıf (APA 7): ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude
Güncel APA biçimleri, kullanım beyanı ve YÖK etik rehberi
EB/OL 引用格式与电子文献：GB/T 7714 的网页、网站、数据集写法
电子文献：网页 [EB/OL] 与其他联机资源
GB/T 7714 信息与文献 参考文献著录规则：2015 与 2025 版
中国国家标准（2025 版与 2015 版）
专利引用格式：GB/T 7714 的 [P] 著录格式与真实示例
专利 [P] 与在线专利 [P/OL]
专著（图书）与析出文献：GB/T 7714 的 [M] 著录格式与示例
图书 [M] 与图书中的析出文献
会议论文引用格式：GB/T 7714 的 [C] 著录格式与示例
会议录与会议论文 [C]
学位论文参考文献格式：GB/T 7714 的 [D] 著录格式与示例
硕士与博士学位论文 [D]
报告怎么引用：GB/T 7714 的 [R] 著录格式与示例
研究报告与机构报告 [R]
报纸文章引用格式：GB/T 7714 的 [N] 著录格式与示例
报纸中析出的文献 [N]
文献类型标识代码一览：[J] [M] [D] [C] [P] [S] [R] [N] [EB/OL] 是什么
附录 A：文献类型标识与载体标识
期刊论文参考文献格式：GB/T 7714 的 [J] 著录格式与示例
期刊论文 [J] 与网络期刊 [J/OL]
标准怎么引用：GB/T 7714 的 [S] 著录格式与示例
标准 [S] 与在线标准 [S/OL]
顺序编码制与著者-出版年制：GB/T 7714 的两种标注体系怎么选
两种标注体系与参考文献表的编排
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