Wonders

The Rabbit Hole · Citation guides

Citation guides by style and source type.

Every citation needs an author, a year, and a source — but the exact style depends on your field, your school, or the journal. Below are clear, example-led guides to the major and niche styles, plus how to cite the awkward sources: a paywalled paper, an authorless page, even an answer from AI.

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Citation styles

AGLC Referencing (AGLC4): Cases, Legislation, Footnotes

AGLC Referencing (AGLC4): Cases, Legislation, Footnotes

Australian Guide to Legal Citation (4th Edition)

AMA Manual of Style 11th Edition: JAMA Reference Format

AMA Manual of Style 11th Edition: JAMA Reference Format

Complete 11th Edition Guide

APA Citation Format (7th Edition): In-Text & Reference Examples

APA Citation Format (7th Edition): In-Text & Reference Examples

Complete 7th Edition Guide

ASME Citation Style: Examples, Rules, and How It Differs From IEEE

ASME Citation Style: Examples, Rules, and How It Differs From IEEE

Mechanical Engineering Guide

GB/T 7714 Reference Format: 2015 and 2025 Editions

GB/T 7714 Reference Format: 2015 and 2025 Editions

China's national reference standard (2025 and 2015 editions)

How to Cite in AAA Style: Anthropology Citation Guide

How to Cite in AAA Style: Anthropology Citation Guide

Anthropology Citation Guide

How to Cite in ABNT Style: Brazilian Citation Standard (NBR 6023)

How to Cite in ABNT Style: Brazilian Citation Standard (NBR 6023)

Brazilian Citation Standard (NBR 6023)

How to Cite in ACS Format: Complete Chemistry Citation Guide

How to Cite in ACS Format: Complete Chemistry Citation Guide

Complete Chemistry Citation Guide

How to Cite in AIP Style: Physics Research Guide

How to Cite in AIP Style: Physics Research Guide

American Institute of Physics Guide

How to Cite in ALWD Style: Legal Writing Citation Guide

How to Cite in ALWD Style: Legal Writing Citation Guide

Legal Writing Citation Guide

How to Cite in AMS Style: Mathematics Citation Guide

How to Cite in AMS Style: Mathematics Citation Guide

American Mathematical Society Guide

How to Cite in APSA Style: Political Science Citation Guide

How to Cite in APSA Style: Political Science Citation Guide

Political Science Citation Guide

How to Cite in ASA Format: American Sociological Association Guide

How to Cite in ASA Format: American Sociological Association Guide

American Sociological Association Guide

How to Cite in ASCE Style: Civil Engineering Guide

How to Cite in ASCE Style: Civil Engineering Guide

Civil Engineering Guide

How to Cite in Bluebook Format: Complete Legal Citation Guide

How to Cite in Bluebook Format: Complete Legal Citation Guide

Complete Legal Citation Guide

How to Cite in Chicago Style: Complete 18th Edition Guide

How to Cite in Chicago Style: Complete 18th Edition Guide

Complete 18th Edition Guide

How to Cite in CSE Style: Council of Science Editors Guide

How to Cite in CSE Style: Council of Science Editors Guide

Council of Science Editors Guide

How to Cite in ČSN ISO 690:2022: The Czech Citation Standard

How to Cite in ČSN ISO 690:2022: The Czech Citation Standard

The Czech National Standard (2022 Edition)

How to Cite in Harvard Style: Complete Referencing Guide

How to Cite in Harvard Style: Complete Referencing Guide

Complete Referencing Guide

How to Cite in ISO 690 Style: International Bibliography Standard (2021)

How to Cite in ISO 690 Style: International Bibliography Standard (2021)

International Bibliography Standard (2021 Edition)

How to Cite in NLM Style: National Library of Medicine Guide

How to Cite in NLM Style: National Library of Medicine Guide

National Library of Medicine Guide

How to Cite in SBL Style: Biblical Studies Citation Guide

How to Cite in SBL Style: Biblical Studies Citation Guide

Biblical Studies Citation Guide

How to Cite in Turabian Style: Complete 9th Edition Guide

How to Cite in Turabian Style: Complete 9th Edition Guide

Complete 9th Edition Guide

IEEE Citation Style: How to Number and Format References

IEEE Citation Style: How to Number and Format References

Numbered citations from the IEEE Reference Guide

MHRA Referencing 4th Edition: Footnotes and Bibliography

MHRA Referencing 4th Edition: Footnotes and Bibliography

UK Humanities Citation Guide

MLA Format 9th Edition: In-Text Citations and Works Cited

MLA Format 9th Edition: In-Text Citations and Works Cited

Complete 9th Edition Guide

OSCOLA Referencing: How to Cite Cases and Legislation

OSCOLA Referencing: How to Cite Cases and Legislation

UK legal citation, 5th edition

Vancouver Referencing (ICMJE/NLM): Format and Examples

Vancouver Referencing (ICMJE/NLM): Format and Examples

The ICMJE and NLM reference format

How to cite different source types

The awkward ones — a newspaper, a court case, a lecture, a dataset, or an answer from AI.

How to Cite a Blog Post

How to Cite a Blog Post

Blog posts and online articles

How to Cite a Book (Print, Ebook, Edition, Translation)

How to Cite a Book (Print, Ebook, Edition, Translation)

Print books, ebooks, editions, translations

How to Cite a Chapter in an Edited Book

How to Cite a Chapter in an Edited Book

Edited books, anthologies, essay collections

How to Cite a Clinical Practice Guideline

How to Cite a Clinical Practice Guideline

NICE, WHO, USPSTF

How to Cite a Conference Paper or Proceedings

How to Cite a Conference Paper or Proceedings

Proceedings, presentations, posters

How to Cite a Dataset

How to Cite a Dataset

Data, versions and DOIs

How to Cite a Dictionary or Encyclopedia Entry

How to Cite a Dictionary or Encyclopedia Entry

Merriam-Webster, OED, Britannica, signed entries

How to Cite a Dissertation or Thesis

How to Cite a Dissertation or Thesis

Doctoral dissertations & master's theses

How to Cite a Forum or Reddit Post

How to Cite a Forum or Reddit Post

Threads, usernames, permalinks

How to Cite a Government Document or Report

How to Cite a Government Document or Report

Agency reports, statistics, official publications

How to Cite a Graph, Chart, or Figure

How to Cite a Graph, Chart, or Figure

Graphs, charts, and figures

How to Cite a Journal Article (With or Without a DOI)

How to Cite a Journal Article (With or Without a DOI)

DOIs, article numbers, online-first articles

How to Cite a Lab Manual

How to Cite a Lab Manual

Published and course lab manuals

How to Cite a Lecture

How to Cite a Lecture

Class, recorded, and conference talks

How to Cite a Letter

How to Cite a Letter

Personal and archival correspondence

How to Cite a Map

How to Cite a Map

Sheet number, scale, series

How to Cite a Mobile App

How to Cite a Mobile App

Developers, versions, stores

How to Cite a Newspaper Article

How to Cite a Newspaper Article

Print and online news

How to Cite a Patent: IEEE Format and What to Include

How to Cite a Patent: IEEE Format and What to Include

Inventions and prior art

How to Cite a PDF

How to Cite a PDF

Identify the source type first

How to Cite a Play or Shakespeare

How to Cite a Play or Shakespeare

Act, scene and line; dialogue; performances

How to Cite a Podcast

How to Cite a Podcast

Episodes, series, timestamps

How to Cite a Poem

How to Cite a Poem

Line numbers, line breaks, anthologies, websites

How to Cite a PowerPoint or Course Material (Canvas, Moodle, Blackboard)

How to Cite a PowerPoint or Course Material (Canvas, Moodle, Blackboard)

Slides, handouts, LMS course material

How to Cite a Press Release

How to Cite a Press Release

Announcements and media statements

How to Cite a Report (Government, NGO & Technical)

How to Cite a Report (Government, NGO & Technical)

Government, NGO & technical reports

How to Cite a Republished or Reprinted Work

How to Cite a Republished or Reprinted Work

Two dates, one edition

How to Cite a Secondary Source (“As Cited In”)

How to Cite a Secondary Source (“As Cited In”)

“As cited in”, “qtd. in”, “quoted in”

How to Cite a Song or Music Recording

How to Cite a Song or Music Recording

Tracks, albums, recordings

How to Cite a Statute or Act

How to Cite a Statute or Act

US, UK, Canada, Australia

How to Cite a Supreme Court Case (and When to Italicize It)

How to Cite a Supreme Court Case (and When to Italicize It)

U.S. Supreme Court decisions

How to Cite a Technical Standard

How to Cite a Technical Standard

ISO, ASTM, IEEE, BSI

How to Cite a Translated Work

How to Cite a Translated Work

Translators, original dates

How to Cite a TV Episode or Streaming Series

How to Cite a TV Episode or Streaming Series

Episodes, seasons, services

How to Cite a Video Game

How to Cite a Video Game

Games, platforms, patches

How to Cite a Website (With No Author or No Date)

How to Cite a Website (With No Author or No Date)

Web pages, no author, no date

How to Cite a White Paper or Industry Report

How to Cite a White Paper or Industry Report

Reports, working papers, white papers

How to Cite AI Tools (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, and Others)

How to Cite AI Tools (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, and Others)

ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, and others

How to Cite AI-Generated Images (Midjourney, DALL-E, ChatGPT, Firefly)

How to Cite AI-Generated Images (Midjourney, DALL-E, ChatGPT, Firefly)

Captions, references, prompts and journal rules

How to Cite an Annual Report or SEC Filing

How to Cite an Annual Report or SEC Filing

10-K filings and company reports

How to Cite an Anonymous Author or a Source With No Author

How to Cite an Anonymous Author or a Source With No Author

Anonymous and authorless sources

How to Cite an Image or Photograph

How to Cite an Image or Photograph

Photos, online images, stock images, figures

How to Cite an Interview

How to Cite an Interview

Published, personal and research interviews

How to Cite Art (Paintings, Sculptures & Visual Works)

How to Cite Art (Paintings, Sculptures & Visual Works)

Paintings, sculptures, and visual works

How to Cite ChatGPT (OpenAI) in APA, MLA, Chicago and More

How to Cite ChatGPT (OpenAI) in APA, MLA, Chicago and More

Updated for the 2025 APA and MLA guidance

How to Cite Claude (Anthropic) in APA, MLA, Chicago and More

How to Cite Claude (Anthropic) in APA, MLA, Chicago and More

Anthropic as author, model names, share links

How to Cite Claude Code, GitHub Copilot and Other AI Coding Assistants

How to Cite Claude Code, GitHub Copilot and Other AI Coding Assistants

In the code, in the repository and in the paper

How to Cite Consensus, Elicit, SciSpace and Other AI Research Tools

How to Cite Consensus, Elicit, SciSpace and Other AI Research Tools

Cite the papers; acknowledge the tool

How to Cite Course Materials and LMS Content

How to Cite Course Materials and LMS Content

Canvas, Moodle, Blackboard

How to Cite Gemini (Google) in APA, MLA, Chicago and More

How to Cite Gemini (Google) in APA, MLA, Chicago and More

Google as author, public links, Bard, Workspace

How to Cite Microsoft Copilot in APA, MLA, Chicago and More

How to Cite Microsoft Copilot in APA, MLA, Chicago and More

Copilot chat, Microsoft 365 Copilot and Bing Chat

How to Cite Multiple Authors, Et Al., and Same Author Same Year

How to Cite Multiple Authors, Et Al., and Same Author Same Year

Et al., 2020a/2020b, shared surnames

How to Cite Online Videos (YouTube, TikTok, Lectures, Webinars)

How to Cite Online Videos (YouTube, TikTok, Lectures, Webinars)

YouTube, TikTok, lectures, webinars

How to Cite Paywalled Sources You Can't Fully Access

How to Cite Paywalled Sources You Can't Fully Access

Working from an abstract?

How to Cite Perplexity AI (and When to Cite Its Sources Instead)

How to Cite Perplexity AI (and When to Cite Its Sources Instead)

Cite the sources it found, or the answer it wrote?

How to Cite Personal Communication (Emails, Conversations, Messages)

How to Cite Personal Communication (Emails, Conversations, Messages)

Emails, calls, conversations, direct messages

How to Cite Preprints, Working Papers & Non-Peer-Reviewed Sources

How to Cite Preprints, Working Papers & Non-Peer-Reviewed Sources

Preprints & working papers

How to Cite Social Media (X, Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, LinkedIn)

How to Cite Social Media (X, Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, LinkedIn)

X/Twitter, Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, LinkedIn

How to Cite Software and Code

How to Cite Software and Code

Packages, repositories, releases

How to Cite the Bible and Other Religious Texts

How to Cite the Bible and Other Religious Texts

Bible, Qur'an, Torah and other sacred texts

How to Cite Wikipedia

How to Cite Wikipedia

Permanent links, revision dates, when not to cite

How to Quote a Quote Within a Quote (APA, MLA, Chicago)

How to Quote a Quote Within a Quote (APA, MLA, Chicago)

Nested quotations

How to Write a Movie Title in an Essay (and Cite the Film)

How to Write a Movie Title in an Essay (and Cite the Film)

Films and streaming titles

Self-Citation: When to Cite Yourself and How to Do It

Self-Citation: When to Cite Yourself and How to Do It

Citing your own prior work

Sources Found With AI: Which to Cite and How to Check Them

Sources Found With AI: Which to Cite and How to Check Them

Used Wonders, Elicit, or ChatGPT to find papers?

Guides in other languages

Written in the language they are used in, for the rules and conventions of that country. The rest of this site is in English.